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In a new study, an international team of astrophysicists has discovered several mysterious objects hiding in images from the James Webb Space Telescope: six potential galaxies that emerged so early in the universe鈥檚 history and are so massive they should not be possible under current cosmological theory.

Each of the candidate galaxies may have existed at the dawn of the universe roughly 500 to 700 million years after the Big Bang, or more than 13 billion years ago. They鈥檙e also gigantic, containing almost as many stars as the modern-day Milky Way Galaxy.

鈥淚t鈥檚 bananas,鈥� said Erica Nelson, co-author of the new research and assistant professor of astrophysics at CU Boulder. 鈥淵ou just don鈥檛 expect the early universe to be able to organize itself that quickly. These galaxies should not have had time to form.鈥�

Nelson and her colleagues, including first author Ivo Labb茅 of the Swinburne University of Technology in Australia, in the journal Nature.

The latest finds aren鈥檛 the earliest galaxies observed by James Webb, which launched in December 2021 and is the most powerful telescope ever sent into space. Last year, another team of scientists that likely coalesced from gas around 350 million years after the Big Bang. Those objects, however, were downright shrimpy compared to the new galaxies, containing many times less mass from stars.

The researchers still need more data to confirm that these galaxies are as large, and date as far back in time, as they appear. Their preliminary observations, however, offer a tantalizing taste of how James Webb could rewrite astronomy textbooks.

鈥淎nother possibility is that these things are a different kind of weird object, such as faint quasars, which would be just as interesting,鈥� she said.

Fuzzy dots

There鈥檚 a lot of excitement going around: In 2022, Nelson and her colleagues, who hail from the United States, Australia, Denmark and Spain, formed an ad hoc team to investigate the data James Webb was sending back to Earth.听

Their recent findings stem from the telescope鈥檚 (CEERS) Survey. These images look deep into a patch of sky close to the Big Dipper鈥攁 relatively boring, at least at first glance, region of space that the Hubble Space Telescope first observed in the 1990s.

Nelson was peering at a postage stamp-sized section of one image when she spotted something strange: a few 鈥渇uzzy dots鈥� of light that looked way too bright to be real.听

鈥淭hey were so red and so bright,鈥� Nelson said. 鈥淲e weren鈥檛 expecting to see them.鈥�

She explained that in astronomy, red light usually equals old light. The universe, Nelson said, has been expanding since the dawn of time. As it expands, galaxies and other celestial objects move farther apart, and the light they emit stretches out鈥攖hink of it like the cosmic equivalent of saltwater taffy. The more the light stretches, the redder it looks to human instruments. (Light from objects coming closer to Earth, in contrast, looks bluer).

The team ran calculations and discovered that their old galaxies were also huge, harboring tens to hundreds of billions of sun-sized stars worth of mass, on par with the Milky Way.

These primordial galaxies, however, probably didn鈥檛 have much in common with our own. 听

鈥淭he Milky Way forms about one to two new stars every year,鈥� Nelson said. 鈥淪ome of these galaxies would have to be forming hundreds of new stars a year for the entire history of the universe.鈥�

Nelson and her colleagues want to use James Webb to collect a lot more information about these mysterious objects, but they鈥檝e seen enough already to pique their curiosity. For a start, calculations suggest there shouldn鈥檛 have been enough normal matter鈥攖he kind that makes up planets and human bodies鈥攁t that time to form so many stars so quickly.

鈥淚f even one of these galaxies is real, it will push against the limits of our understanding of cosmology,鈥� Nelson said.

Seeing back in time

For Nelson, the new findings are a culmination of a journey that began when she was in elementary school. When she was 10, she wrote a report about Hubble, a telescope that launched in 1990 and is still active today. Nelson was hooked.

鈥淚t takes time for light to go from a galaxy to us, which means that you're looking back in time when you're looking at these objects,鈥� she said. 鈥淚 found that concept so mind blowing that I decided at that instant that this was what I wanted to do with my life.鈥�

The fast pace of discovery with James Webb is a lot like those early days of Hubble, Nelson said. At the time, many scientists believed that galaxies didn鈥檛 begin forming until billions of years after the Big Bang. But researchers soon discovered that the early universe was much more complex and exciting than they could have imagined.听

鈥淓ven though we learned our lesson already from Hubble, we still didn鈥檛 expect James Webb to see such mature galaxies existing so far back in time,鈥� Nelson said. 鈥淚鈥檓 so excited.鈥�

Other co-authors on the new study include Pieter van Dokkum of Yale University; Rachel Bezanson of the University of Pittsburgh;听Katherine Suess of the University of California, Santa Cruz; Joel Leja, Elijah Matthews and Bingjie Wang of the Pennsylvania State University; Gabriel Brammer and Katherine Whitaker of the University of Coppenhagen; and Mauro Stefanon of the University of Valencia.