Oil and natural gas production fields can emit large amounts of air pollutants that affect climate and air quality鈥攂ut tackling the issue has been difficult 听because little is known about what aspects of complex production operations leak what kinds of pollutants, and how much.
Now a study led by the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) the journal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics sheds light on just that, pinpointing sources of airborne pollutants.
CIRES is a joint institute of the 麻豆视频 and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.听
The results have important implications for mitigation strategies in the nation鈥檚 oil and natural gas production.
鈥淏efore you can stop a leak, you have to know where it is,鈥� said lead author Carsten Warneke, an atmospheric chemist with NOAA鈥檚 Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) at the 麻豆视频. 鈥淭his study tells us where the largest emissions are coming from, and that, in turn, helps industry identify what they can do to reduce emissions as cheaply and effectively as possible.鈥�
Oil and gas production fields emit the greenhouse gas methane and also other air pollutants called volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which include the air toxics benzene, a carcinogen, and toluene. VOCs, present naturally in oil and natural gas, are chemical precursors for ozone pollution, which, at high levels, can harm people鈥檚 lungs. The new study focuses on the emissions of VOCs in the oil and gas fields of the Uintah Basin in Utah, where the landscape is dotted with 8,000 gas wells and 2,000 oil wells in operation, and about 1,000 new wells are added each year.
The study shows that in the Uintah Basin, equipment located on well pads鈥攕uch as condensate tanks, dehydrators, and pumps鈥攁re key sources of pollutants. It also found that well operations frequently emit high levels of benzene and toluene, and that emissions vary by production method.听
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The study is one of the first to use fast-response and highly sensitive instruments to measure VOCs from individual gas and oil well pads and other point sources. To collect the data, Warneke and his team, in February 2012, drove an instrumented van downwind of 38 gas wells, 12 oil wells, one newly producing well, one refractured well with a flowback pond and 17 other point sources such as evaporation ponds, storage tanks and compressor stations. The mobile laboratory approached closer than 300 feet of most sources, measuring the VOCs in the air.
The researchers detected high amounts of VOCs at almost all the locations, but large differences existed among sources. Specifically, they found:
On well pads, some equipment leaks more VOCs than others. The main emitters include separators, dehydrators, and oil and natural gas liquid (condensate) tanks. Separators divide natural gas into its liquid and gas fractions, and dehydrators remove water from natural gas.
Different production techniques result in different emissions. For example, dehydrating gas on-site (at the well pad) leads to higher emissions of VOCs than dehydration carried out off-site at a centralized facility.
The scientists found high ambient levels of benzene and toluene (another air toxic) at specific sites in the basin, with measurements reaching up to 1,000 parts per billion (1 part per million) by volume. 鈥淚n urban areas, values are closer to 0.1 to 0.2 parts per billion by volume,鈥� Warneke said. One such site was a recently re-fractured well with a flow-back pond. Evaporation ponds were also a large source of VOCs.听
In Rangely, Colorado, where the team also took measurements, they found fewer emissions, probably because of two key factors: Rangely鈥檚 gas field is drier than Uintah Basin鈥檚, and most wells have electric power. Both factors lessen the need for production equipment, such as dehydrators and storage tanks. 鈥淟ess equipment means fewer opportunities for leaks,鈥� Warneke said.
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The new findings are qualitatively similar to emissions "inventories," which are estimates of emissions based primarily on well counts and production data. Like the measurements, inventories identify well heads themselves, dehydrators and tanks as major VOC emission sources.
The researchers鈥� measurements were part of a larger experiment to unravel the mystery of why the sparsely populated Uintah Basin experiences frequent wintertime exceedances of ozone air quality standards. 听The research shows that these exceedances trace back to oil and gas activities鈥攁nd to the VOCs that Warneke and his colleagues have now detailed in the new study.听
鈥淭o understand ozone pollution, we need to understand both the chemistry behind it and the major sources that start this chemistry, and we went right to the source of the emissions to study them,鈥� Warneke said. 听
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