Sex apparently is like income: People are generally happy when they keep pace with the Joneses and they鈥檙e even happier if they get a bit more.
That鈥檚 one finding of Tim Wadsworth, an associate professor of sociology at the 麻豆视频, who recently published the results of a study of how sexual frequency corresponds with happiness.
As has been well documented with income, the happiness linked with having more sex can rise or fall depending on how individuals believe they measure up to their peers, Wadsworth found.
His paper, 鈥淪ex and the Pursuit of Happiness: How Other People鈥檚 Sex Lives are Related to Our Sense of Well-Being,鈥� was published in the February edition of Social Indicators Research.
Using national survey data and statistical analyses, Wadsworth found that people reported steadily higher levels of happiness as they reported steadily higher sexual frequency. But he also found that even after controlling for their own sexual frequency, people who believed they were having less sex than their peers were unhappier than those who believed they were having as much or more than their peers.
鈥淭here鈥檚 an overall increase in sense of well-being that comes with engaging in sex more frequently, but there鈥檚 also this relative aspect to it,鈥� he said. 鈥淗aving more sex makes us happy, but thinking that we are having more sex than other people makes us even happier.鈥�
Wadsworth analyzed data from the General Social Survey, which has been taking the 鈥減ulse of America鈥� since 1972. All respondents in all years are asked whether they are 鈥渧ery happy, pretty happy or not too happy.鈥�
The survey has included questions about sexual frequency since 1989. Wadsworth鈥檚 sample included 15,386 people who were surveyed between 1993 and 2006.
After controlling for many other factors, including income, education, marital status, health, age, race and other characteristics, respondents who reported having sex at least two to three times a month were 33 percent more likely to report a higher level of happiness than those who reported having no sex during the previous 12 months.
The happiness effect appears to rise with frequency. Compared to those who had no sex in the previous year, those reporting a once-weekly frequency were 44 percent more likely to report a higher level of happiness. Those reporting having sex two to three times a week are 55 percent more likely to report a higher level of happiness.
But while personal income can be inferred by a neighbor鈥檚 flashy new car or home renovation, sex is a more cloistered activity. So how do, say, men or women in their 20s know how frequently their peers have sex?
Though sex is a private matter, the mass media and other sources of information provide clues. For instance, Wadsworth noted, Cosmopolitan, Glamour, Men鈥檚 Health, Men鈥檚 Journal and The AARP Magazine 鈥� with a combined circulation of 30 million鈥攆requently report the results of their own or others鈥� sex surveys.
Television and film depictions might also play a role, and, Wadsworth writes, 鈥渢here is plenty of evidence that information concerning normative sexual behavior is learned through discussions within peer groups and friendship networks.鈥�
As a result of this knowledge, if members of a peer group are having sex two to three times a month but believe their peers are on a once-weekly schedule, their probability of reporting a higher level of happiness falls by about 14 percent, Wadsworth found.
Wadsworth is also a research associate at CU-Boulder鈥檚 Institute of Behavioral Science and his research interests include the general study of happiness.
He noted that the data do not necessarily prove that social comparisons cause the effects he observed. However, 鈥淚 can鈥檛 think of a better explanation for why how much sex other people are having would influence a person鈥檚 happiness,鈥� he said.
The way most people engage in social comparison can be problematic, he noted. 鈥淲e鈥檙e usually not looking down and therefore thinking of ourselves as better off, but we鈥檙e usually looking up and therefore feeling insufficient and inadequate.鈥�
On the other hand, people are social creatures and any sense of self or identity is dependent on others. In his introductory sociology classes, Wadsworth asks students to write three adjectives, any adjectives, to describe themselves.
鈥淎nd then I ask them, 鈥楧o your adjectives have any meaning whatsoever if you鈥檙e alone on a desert island, in the sense that there鈥檚 no one to compare yourself to?鈥� 鈥�
Regardless of the adjective 鈥� attractive, smart, funny, poor 鈥� 鈥渢hese things are meaningful only if there鈥檚 some sense of what other people are like,鈥� he said. 鈥淎s such, we can only be wealthy if others are poor, or sexually active if others are inactive.鈥�
Read more about Wadsworth鈥檚 study soon in Colorado Arts & Sciences Magazine at /.
Contact:
Tim Wadsworth, 303-735-0172
tim.wadsworth@colorado.edu
Clint Talbott, 303-492-6111
