A new NASA-led study involving the 麻豆视频 finds that when it comes to combating global warming caused by emissions of ozone-forming chemicals, location matters. 听 听
Ozone is both a major air pollutant with known adverse health effects and a greenhouse gas that traps heat from escaping Earth鈥檚 atmosphere. Scientists and policy analysts are interested in learning how curbing the emissions of ozone-forming chemicals can improve human health and also help mitigate climate change.
Research scientists Kevin Bowman of NASA鈥檚 Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., and Daven Henze, assistant professor of mechanical engineering at CU-Boulder, set out to quantify, down to areas the size of large metropolitan regions, how the climate-altering impacts of these chemical emissions vary around the world. The chemicals, which are produced from sources such as planes, factories and automobiles, are converted to ozone in the presence of sunlight and subsequently transported by wind around our planet. Among these chemicals are nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and non-methane hydrocarbons.
By combining satellite observations of how much heat ozone absorbs in Earth鈥檚 atmosphere with a model of how chemicals are transported in the atmosphere, the researchers discovered significant regional variability 鈥� in some places by more than a factor of 10 鈥� in how efficiently ozone trapped heat in Earth鈥檚 atmosphere, depending upon where the ozone-forming chemical emissions were located. This variability was found within individual continents and even among different regions with similar emission levels within individual countries.
High-latitude regions such as Europe had a smaller impact than lower-latitude regions like North America. Ozone was observed to be a more efficient greenhouse gas over hot regions like the tropics or relatively cloud-free regions like the Middle East. The satellite data were collected by the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer instrument on NASA鈥檚 Aura spacecraft.
鈥淲hen it comes to reducing ozone levels, emission reductions in one part of the world may drive greenhouse warming more than a similar level of emission reductions elsewhere,鈥� said Bowman, lead author of the study, published recently in the journal Geophysical Research Letters. 鈥淲here you clean up ozone precursor emissions makes a big difference. It鈥檚 all about 鈥� to use a real estate analogy 鈥� location, location, location.鈥�
Variations in chemicals that lead to the production of ozone are driven by industry and human population. For example, the U.S. Northeast has much higher ozone precursor emission levels than, say, Wisconsin.
鈥淲e show that, for example, emissions of nitrogen dioxide in Denver are 20 percent more effective in contributing to ozone鈥檚 greenhouse gas effect than emissions of nitrogen dioxide in the San Francisco Bay area, even though both are at similar latitudes 鈥� Bowman added. 鈥淒enver is at a much higher altitude than San Francisco and therefore can export ozone听efficiently into the upper atmosphere where it is a more effective greenhouse gas.鈥�
The researchers found that the top 15 regional contributors to global ozone greenhouse gas levels were predominantly located in China and the United States, including the regions that encompass New Orleans, Atlanta and Houston.听
Bowman and Henze found considerable variability in how different types of emissions contribute to ozone鈥檚 greenhouse gas effect. For example, compared to all nitrogen dioxide emissions 鈥� both human-produced and natural 鈥� industrial and transportation sources make up a quarter of the total greenhouse gas effect, whereas airplanes make up only 1 percent.听 They also found that nitrogen dioxide contributes about two-thirds of the ozone greenhouse gas effect compared with carbon monoxide and non-methane hydrocarbons.
Bowman said the research suggests that solutions to improve air quality and combat climate change should be tailored for the regions in which they are to be executed.
鈥淥ne question that鈥檚 getting a lot of interest in policy initiatives such as the United Nations鈥� Environment Programme Climate and Clean Air Coalition is controlling short-lived greenhouse gases like methane and ozone as part of a short-term strategy for mitigating climate change,鈥� Bowman said. 鈥淥ur study could enable policy researchers to calculate the relative health and climate benefits of air pollution control and pinpoint where emission reductions will have the greatest impacts. This wasn鈥檛 really possible to do at these scales before now. This is particularly important in developing countries like China, where severe air pollution problems are of greater concern to public officials than climate change mitigation in the short term.鈥�
鈥淥ur study is an important step forward in this field because we鈥檝e built a special model capable of looking at the effects of location at a very high resolution,鈥� said Henze. 鈥淭he model simulations are based upon actual observations of ozone warming effects measured by NASA鈥檚 Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer satellite instrument.听This is the first time we鈥檝e been able to separate observed heat trapping due to ozone into its natural versus human sources, and even into specific types of human sources, such as fossil fuels versus biofuels. This information can be used to mitigate climate change while improving air quality.鈥�
For more information on the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer visit .
Contact:
Daven Henze, 303-492-8716
Daven.Henze@colorado.edu
Alan Buis, NASA media relations, 818-354-0474
Alan.Buis@jpl.nasa.gov
Laura Snider, CU media relations, 303-735-0528
Laura.Snider@colorado.edu
