Conference Papers

Homeowner Expansions and Modifications: Implications of Household Income and Land Tenure for Incremental Shelter

Anonymous — Tue, 30 Apr 2019 00:23:06 +0000

Homeowner Expansions and Modifications: Implications of Household Income and Land Tenure for Incremental Shelter Anonymous (not verified) Mon, 04/29/2019 - 18:23 Aaron Opdyke Shaye Palagi Casie Venable Amy Javernick-Will

Despite increasingly robust knowledge of recovery processes after disasters, the transition to sustainable housing in the aftermath of crises continues to be fraught with challenges. Incremental approaches to shelter have emerged as a central theme in post-disaster assistance, offering greater choice to affected populations while recognising the non-linear time scales of recovery. This research examines 32 post-disaster shelter projects in the aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines. Drawing from 1,474 household surveys, land tenure and household income were assessed, examining their respective impact on expansions and modifications. Four years after Haiyan, results show two out of every three households provided with short- and medium-term shelter assistance had expanded or modified their dwellings and over half of those resettled through government assistance had altered their homes. Household incomes were found to be 16% higher for those that expanded or modified shelter, while those with more secure tenure were almost a third more likely to have made improvements to their shelter. These differences reinforce the linkages between shelter, livelihood, and land, but importantly draw attention to incremental shelter as not such a programmatic approach, but foundation for shelter in recovery.

Opdyke, A., Palagi, S., Venable, C., Javernick-Will, A. (2018) “Homeowner Expansions and Modifications: Implications of Household Income and Land Tenure for Incremental Shelter.” International Conference on Building Resilience. Lisbon, Portugal, November 2018.

Opdyke, A., Palagi, S., Venable, C., Javernick-Will, A. (2018). International Conference on Building Resilience. Lisbon, Portugal, November 2018.

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Built Back Better? An Analysis of Perceived Performance of Post-Disaster Housing

Anonymous — Wed, 27 Jun 2018 06:00:00 +0000

Built Back Better? An Analysis of Perceived Performance of Post-Disaster Housing Anonymous (not verified) Wed, 06/27/2018 - 00:00 Casie Venable Amy Javernick-Will

Houses are often significantly damaged during disasters, due in part to poor housing design and construction practices. Post-disaster, organizations and governments often aim to “build back better”, using safer designs, but little research has been done to understand how households perceive the safety of their shelters. This study examines household perceptions of post-disaster housing in terms of performance in future (hypothetical) typhoons or earthquakes, and factors that influence those perceptions. We hypothesize that household perceptions of the risks to their house will influence modification and maintenance actions. To investigate housing perceptions, we surveyed 41 respondents from a single community who had received housing assistance following Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines. We used correlation and regression analysis to analyze perceptions and how they were influenced by gender, education, income, prior knowledge, and satisfaction with the house. Results show that households perceive worse performance during typhoons than earthquakes, and men, on average, perceive worse performance than women. Prior knowledge about construction and satisfaction were found to be significantly correlated with perceived performance, with greater prior knowledge relating to worse perceived performance, and more satisfaction relating to better perceived performance. Future work will continue to investigate these relationships and the relationship between perceived performance and actions households take to modify or maintain their house.

Venable, C., Javernick-Will, A., and Liel, A. (2018). "Built Back Better? An Analysis of Perceived Performance of Post-Disaster Housing." Engineering Project Organization Conference. Brijuni, Croatia.

Venable, C., Javernick-Will, A., and Liel, A. (2018). Engineering Project Organization Conference. Brijuni, Croatia.

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Avoiding Failure: The Use of Qualitative Comparative Analysis to Identify Pathways to Successful Sanitation Interventions

Anonymous — Mon, 25 Jun 2018 06:00:00 +0000

Avoiding Failure: The Use of Qualitative Comparative Analysis to Identify Pathways to Successful Sanitation Interventions Anonymous (not verified) Mon, 06/25/2018 - 00:00 Allie Davis Amy Javernick-Will Sherri Cook

Davis, A., Javernick-Will, A., and Cook, S. (2018). “Avoiding Failure: The Use of Qualitative Comparative Analysis to Identify Pathways to Successful Sanitation Interventions.” Engineering Project Organization Conference. Brijuni, Croatia, June 25-27, 2018.

In resource-limited communities, up to 70 percent of sanitation systems fail within two years of construction, leading to diminished public and environmental health and heightened economic costs. Previous research has focused on isolated factors that influence success or failure, neglecting to evaluate the effects of multiple factors in combination. In order to reduce failure in sanitation, we need to understand how social, economic, technical, institutional, and organizational factors combine together to lead to success or failure. Combinations of factors that lead to success can guide implementing organizations towards avoiding failure-prone scenarios and promote success by focusing limited resources on strengthening these pathways. We applied qualitative comparative analysis to evaluate the pathways of combined factors that lead to successful and failed sanitation systems. Two pathways led to successful sanitation systems and three pathways led to failed sanitation systems. All successful systems required Sufficient O&M Funds, Organization Sanitation Experience, a Clear O&M Plan, a Skilled Operator, and Ongoing External Support in addition to either Addressed Sanitation Priorities and Organization Embeddedness or Municipality Involved in Planning and Lack of Organization Embeddedness. All failed systems had Lack of Municipality in Planning, No Ongoing Support, Lack of Skilled Operator, and Unaddressed Sanitation Priorities in addition to other conditions including a Previous Failed System, Lack of Organization Sanitation Experience, Insufficient O&M Funds, Lack of Clear O&M Plan, or No Community Participation in Planning. Pathways demonstrate that multiple conditions influence success, thus to reduce failure we need to implement sanitation systems with a holistic perspective. Further, our findings elucidate what social, economic, technical, and institutional conditions must be present in combination with different organizational factors to yield successful outcomes. This research works towards building a comprehensive theory of success and failure in resource-limited communities by viewing sanitation systems, organizations, and their surrounding environments through a systems-theoretic lens.

Davis, A., Javernick-Will, A., and Cook, S. (2018). “Avoiding Failure: The Use of Qualitative Comparative Analysis to Identify Pathways to Successful Sanitation Interventions.” Engineering Project Organization Conference. Brijuni, Croatia, June 25-27, 2018.

Davis, A., Javernick-Will, A., and Cook, S. (2018). Engineering Project Organization Conference. Brijuni, Croatia, June 25-27, 2018.

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New Disasters in the Twittersphere: How Communities Utilize Social Media to Seek and Share Information in the Wake of Induced Seismicity

Anonymous — Wed, 04 Apr 2018 06:00:00 +0000

New Disasters in the Twittersphere: How Communities Utilize Social Media to Seek and Share Information in the Wake of Induced Seismicity Anonymous (not verified) Wed, 04/04/2018 - 00:00 Andrew Tracy Rudy Klucik Amy Javernick-Will Cristina Poleacovschi

After many recent disaster events, community members, government officials, and others are increasingly using social media, particularly Twitter, to seek and share hazard-related information. In some states, such as Oklahoma, the frequency of earthquakes has risen significantly in the past decade, with many scientists arguing that these earthquakes are induced by injecting vast quantities of salty wastewater, a byproduct of petroleum production, deep underground. Because the cause of increased seismicity is debated publicly, communities impacted by these quakes often face uncertainty when it comes to understanding the reasons behind earthquakes and the subsequent effects on they will have on their lives. As a result, many community members turn to social media to seek and share information on topics ranging from debating the cause of the earthquakes to safety procedures during an earthquake. This paper seeks to understand how community members use social media to grapple with hazards in this uncertain context by examining how Twitter networks change after a significant hazard event: the magnitude 5.8 Pawnee earthquake in 2016. The paper presents a method that uses web-mining techniques to develop the Twitter network of Edmond, Oklahoma, 1 week leading up to the earthquake, and the week following the quake, and uses social network analysis to examine these data. Our results show that posts discussing the earthquakes, and their purported causes, increase after an event. The overall network also becomes more fractured and disconnected, which runs contrary to theory that would suggest a more densely connected community after a disaster. The method developed to create and analyze community networks from Twitter data can be used to better understand this phenomenon, which will help us better understand how networks change over time, how information is spread through community networks following disasters, and how communities may respond to and discuss contentious infrastructure projects.

Tracy, A., Klucik, R., Javernick-Will, A., Poleacovschi, C. (2018). “New Disasters in the Twittersphere: How Communities Utilize Social Media to Seek and Share Information in the Wake of Induced Seismicity.” Proceedings of the 2018 Construction Research Congress, New Orleans, Louisiana, April 2018

Tracy, A., Klucik, R., Javernick-Will, A., Poleacovschi, C. (2018). Construction Research Congress. New Orleans, LA.

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Community Participation in Post-Disaster Shelter Programs: Examining the Evolution of Participation in Planning, Design, and Construction

Anonymous — Mon, 02 Apr 2018 06:00:00 +0000

Community Participation in Post-Disaster Shelter Programs: Examining the Evolution of Participation in Planning, Design, and Construction Anonymous (not verified) Mon, 04/02/2018 - 00:00 Casie Venable Aaron Opdyke Amy Javernick-Will

Participation in post-disaster shelter reconstruction is recognized as an important factor for supporting the sustainability and resiliency of the built environment. Engaging communities in the reconstruction process can help build community capacity and lead to sustained success of recovery projects. However, existing practice often assumes that differing forms of participation are independent of one another, neglecting to understand the influence that early participation may have on participation in later stages of the project. Past literature identified how communities participated in the planning, design, and construction phases in 19 different shelter projects following Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines. For this research, we used fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to analyze how participation in earlier phases of planning and design affected participation in the construction phase. Results show that early participation, particularly in the decisions of the planning phase, are critical in shaping later participation. Findings also reveal that participation is a process linked across multiple project phases and should not be viewed as a set of independent tasks. These results inform disaster recovery practice by encouraging project strategies that incorporate community participation from the beginning through the end of a project’s lifecycle.

Venable, C., Opdyke, A., Javernick-Will, A., and Liel, A. (2018). "Community Participation in Post-Disaster Shelter Programs: Examining the Evolution of Participation in Planning, Design, and Construction." Construction Research Congress. New Orleans, LA.

Venable, C., Opdyke, A., Javernick-Will, A., and Liel, A. (2018). Construction Research Congress. New Orleans, LA.

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Community Knowledge-Seeking During Uncertainty: Induced Seismicity and Hydraulic Fracturing

Anonymous — Mon, 05 Jun 2017 06:00:00 +0000

Community Knowledge-Seeking During Uncertainty: Induced Seismicity and Hydraulic Fracturing Anonymous (not verified) Mon, 06/05/2017 - 00:00 Andrew Tracy Amy Javernick-Will Devon Baummer

In Oklahoma, the frequency of earthquakes has risen significantly in the past decade with many scientists believing that these earthquakes are induced by injecting vast quantities of salty wastewater, a byproduct of petroleum production, deep underground. Because the cause is still being debated publicly, communities impacted by these quakes often face uncertainty when it comes to understanding the earthquakes and the subsequent effects on their lives, and share information related to the causes and impacts of the quakes. In order to understand how information is being shared and how it is being used, it is first necessary to examine what types or categories of information are being shared by varying stakeholder groups. Through semi-structured interviews with different stakeholders, we have found that there is a difference between the type of information shared by different groups, with the most notable difference being between lay Community members and those with a background working in oil & gas, government, or academia & the physical sciences.

Tracy, A., Javernick-Will, A. and Baummer, D. (2017). “Community Knowledge-Seeking During Uncertainty: Induced Seismicity and Hydraulic Fracturing.” Engineering Project Organizations Conference. Stanford Sierra Camp, CA.

Tracy, A., Javernick-Will, A. and Baummer, D. (2017). Engineering Project Organizations Conference. Stanford Sierra Camp, CA.

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Multi-Method Approach to Identifying Community Priorities For Sanitation Systems

Anonymous — Mon, 05 Jun 2017 06:00:00 +0000

Multi-Method Approach to Identifying Community Priorities For Sanitation Systems Anonymous (not verified) Mon, 06/05/2017 - 00:00 Allie Davis Amy Javernick-Will Sherri Cook

In resource-limited communities, sanitation systems have high failure rates, often due to a combination of social and technical factors. In many sectors, supply-driven or top-down approaches have been shown to be less effective than demand-driven or bottom-up approaches, as the former neglect contextualized user preferences and needs. For sanitation projects, community acceptance of a system can be an extremely important determinant of project success; however, acceptance is less likely to occur if community needs and preferences are not addressed. One way to encourage user acceptance and meaningful community participation is to solicit and incorporate community input for project decision-making. Studies show that addressing community priorities is essential for effective project decision-making and ongoing use and maintenance. However, most existing methods to assess and incorporate community needs fail to identify community priorities, instead focusing on wastewater generation or a lack of infrastructure coverage. The lack of understanding of the effectiveness of methods for assessing community priorities and reduces the chance of increasing sanitation access. This paper compares the use of three methods—semistructured interviews, photovoice, and focus groups—to identify community priorities for sanitation (e.g., water reuse, aesthetics, cleanliness) and then compares two methods—relative frequency of mention and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)—to rank the identified priorities. The approach was implemented in eight case study communities in southern India to compare and contrast sanitation-specific priorities. This paper discusses the use of the different priority identification and ranking methods and concludes that semi-structured interviews yield the most complete lists of priorities and the AHP provides the most consistent and informative ranking of priorities.

Davis, A., Javernick-Will, A., and Cook, S. (2017). “Multi-Method Approach to Identifying Community Priorities For Sanitation Systems.” Engineering Project Organization Conference. Stanford Sierra Camp, CA.

Davis, A., Javernick-Will, A., and Cook, S. (2017). Engineering Project Organization Conference. Stanford Sierra Camp, CA.

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Construction Capacity: How Construction Resource Availability Affects Post-Tornado Rebuilding of Residential Housing

Anonymous — Mon, 05 Jun 2017 06:00:00 +0000

Construction Capacity: How Construction Resource Availability Affects Post-Tornado Rebuilding of Residential Housing Anonymous (not verified) Mon, 06/05/2017 - 00:00 Erin Arneson Amy Javernick-Will Matthew Hallowell

The U.S. residential housing stock is increasingly vulnerable to wind damage associated with tornadoes, due to a rise in the frequency of tornado disasters and growing suburban development. The construction industry plays a critical role in post-tornado recovery efforts by supplying material and labor necessary for repairing damaged residential houses. The availability of construction resources needed for rebuilding is determined by the network of construction organizations providing materials and labor within construction industry supply chains. This study expands upon the concept of construction capacity, defined as the maximum building volume a construction industry can supply due to regional supply chain availability of material and labor. The Oklahoma City (OKC) region of the U.S. is used to illustrate how predisaster construction capacity influences post-disaster reconstruction of residential housing, since OKC has been struck by multiple tornado disasters since 2002. We employ supply chain management theory to measure pre-disaster construction capacity (e.g., supply) and compare against post-disaster need for construction services (e.g., demand). Pre-disaster regional capacity utilization and labor productivity metrics are used to: (a) measure the maximum supply of construction materials available in a given year; (b) measure the net value of residential construction work the available labor force can install per year; and (c) determine the typical demand for residential housing in terms of permitted single-family houses. The regional pre-disaster construction capacity baseline is then compared with the post-disaster additional demand for construction services, based on FEMA damage assessments. By comparing the pre-disaster regional construction capacity with the post-disaster FEMA assessed losses (both calculated in terms of $USD), we quantitatively measure the discrepancy between regional construction industry supply and demand. Such quantitative assessments of residential construction industries are necessary to improve housing reconstruction work provided by organizations within regional supply chains.

Arneson, E., Javernick-Will, A., and Hallowell, M. (2017). “Construction Capacity: How Construction Resource Availability Affects Post-Tornado Rebuilding of Residential Housing." Engineering Project Organization Conference. Stanford Sierra Camp, CA.

Arneson, E., Javernick-Will, A., and Hallowell, M. (2017). Engineering Project Organization Conference. Stanford, CA.

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Establishing a Conceptual Framework of Post-Disaster Risk Reduction and Relocation Decision Making

Anonymous — Thu, 01 Jun 2017 06:00:00 +0000

Establishing a Conceptual Framework of Post-Disaster Risk Reduction and Relocation Decision Making Anonymous (not verified) Thu, 06/01/2017 - 00:00 Shaye Palagi Ali Mostafavi Amy Javernick-Will

Palagi, S., Mostafavi, A., and Javernick-Will, A. (2017). “Establishing a Conceptual Framework of Post-Disaster Risk Reduction and Relocation Decision Making.” I-Rec Conference. Toronto, Canada.

Palagi, S., Mostafavi, A., and Javernick-Will, A. (2017). I-Rec Conference. Toronto, Canada.

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How Pre-Disaster Construction Capacity Affects Post-Disaster Rebuilding of Residential Housing

Anonymous — Wed, 31 May 2017 06:00:00 +0000

How Pre-Disaster Construction Capacity Affects Post-Disaster Rebuilding of Residential Housing Anonymous (not verified) Wed, 05/31/2017 - 00:00 Erin Arneson Matthew Hallowell Amy Javernick-Will

The existing U.S. residential housing stock is increasingly exposed to storm surge and coastal flooding. For example, over 650,000 single-family residential homes were damaged or destroyed following Hurricane Sandy in 2012. The construction industry must meet increased post-disaster demand for construction services to facilitate repair and reconstruction of residential homes damaged by disasters. Construction capacity, defined here as the maximum building volume a construction industry can supply with available resources, determines how efficiently residential housing is rebuilt following a disaster. To better prepare for post-disaster reconstruction, this study addresses the question: how do we measure pre-disaster construction capacity at the state-level, and how does it compare to post-disaster reconstruction? We analyzed this question for single-family residential housing in the states of New Jersey and New York following Hurricane Sandy. Building on literature from construction supply chain management theory, we: (a) identified construction wholesale trade (material) and residential contractor (labor) establishments within New Jersey and New York; (b) measured state-level pre-disaster construction capacity as the net value of residential construction that can be performed in a given year; (c) calculated post-disaster losses for single-family residential housing based on FEMA damage inspections; and (d) compared pre-disaster construction capacity and single-family residential housing unit counts to post-disaster housing reconstruction progress, using a cross case comparison. Results highlight the extent to which construction resources within New Jersey and New York were capable of meeting post-disaster demand for residential construction. Furthermore, the novel methodology developed and employed can be used to assess whether construction capacity can meet demand following a disaster in other regions.

Arneson, E., Hallowell, M., and Javernick-Will, A. (2017). “How Pre-Disaster Construction Capacity Affects Post-Disaster Rebuilding of Residential Housing." Construction Specialty Conference. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Arneson, E., Hallowell, M., and Javernick-Will, A. (2017). Construction Specialty Conference. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

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