Blogs /lab/gpo/ en ¿Cómo construir casas de maderas para resistir los huracanes futuros? /lab/gpo/2021/11/19/como-construir-casas-de-maderas-para-resistir-los-huracanes-futuros <span>¿Cómo construir casas de maderas para resistir los huracanes futuros?</span> <span><span>Anonymous (not verified)</span></span> <span><time datetime="2021-11-19T11:50:05-07:00" title="Friday, November 19, 2021 - 11:50">Fri, 11/19/2021 - 11:50</time> </span> <div role="contentinfo" class="container ucb-article-categories" itemprop="about"> <span class="visually-hidden">Categories:</span> <div class="ucb-article-category-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <i class="fa-solid fa-folder-open"></i> </div> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/156"> Blogs </a> </div> <div role="contentinfo" class="container ucb-article-tags" itemprop="keywords"> <span class="visually-hidden">Tags:</span> <div class="ucb-article-tag-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <i class="fa-solid fa-tags"></i> </div> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/168" hreflang="en">Disaster Recovery and Resiliency</a> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/409" hreflang="en">Puerto Rico</a> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/403" hreflang="en">Wood house</a> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/405" hreflang="en">hurricane</a> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/407" hreflang="en">safety</a> </div> <div class="ucb-article-content ucb-striped-content"> <div class="container"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--article-content paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="ucb-article-content-media ucb-article-content-media-above"> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--media paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div> <div class="imageMediaStyle large_image_style"> <img loading="lazy" src="/lab/gpo/sites/default/files/styles/large_image_style/public/article-image/screen_shot_2021-11-19_at_12.42.44_pm.png?itok=UNBvNKLU" width="1500" height="879" alt="techo con estructura de madera"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ucb-article-text d-flex align-items-center" itemprop="articleBody"> <div><p dir="ltr"><em>Escrito por:&nbsp;Briar Goldwyn, Cole Velasquez, Yarelis Gonzales, and Meredith Lochhead</em></p> <p dir="ltr">En Puerto Rico, isla localizada en el caribe vulnerable a los huracanes y los terremotos, se estima que más de la mitad de la construcción comercial y residencial está construida de manera informal.1 Mientras que la vivienda informalmente construida provee acceso para individuos de bajo ingreso, no les garantiza la tenencia de tierras. De igual forma, los mismos carecen de la oportunidad o el interés a participar en el proceso de la construcción formal. Este tipo de viviendas puede presentar altos riesgos de seguridad, especialmente en regiones propensas a desastres naturales, como el Caribe.2 Para entender este contexto, nuestro estudio examina y prioriza las modificaciones según los recursos disponibles para reducir la probabilidad del daño y la destrucción de viviendas con estructuras de madera durante futuros vientos huracanados en Puerto Rico.</p> <p dir="ltr">Llevamos a cabo distintas entrevistas a ingenieros, arquitectos, constructores, y propietarios de casas alrededor de Puerto Rico para crear una lista de las características en el diseño de viviendas y representar las variaciones en el área de la construcción informal en la isla. Empezamos por crear cuatro tipos de casas comunes: tres casas con estructura de madera, incluyendo una de un solo piso con techo a cuatro aguas, otra con techo a dos aguas y una de dos pisos con techo a dos aguas; finalmente una casa de concreto armado con techo a dos aguas. Asumimos que cada techo consiste de cerchas de madera y paneles de metal acanalados, reflejando las prácticas comunes en la construcción. Estudiamos el efecto de cada modificación en el calibre y el tipo de paneles de metal; la distancia entre los tornillos que los sujetan; uniones de correas (alfajías), cerchas, y paredes;&nbsp; la distancia entre las alfajías y las cerchas; el deterioro del material; el refuerzo en las paredes de madera, y el refuerzo en las casa de concreto armado y albañilería.</p> <p class="text-align-center" dir="ltr"></p> <p class="text-align-center" dir="ltr">Imagen: Techo con estructura de madera</p> <p dir="ltr">Luego, para cada tipo de casa, calculamos la velocidad del viento en la que fallaba el techo. La velocidad del viento es cuantificada usando la misma por un periodo de tres segundos donde se representa la velocidad de viento en que ocurre un fallo en un 50% del tiempo, tomando en consideración el grado de duda en la carga del viento y la capacidad del techo. También, este análisis demuestra cuáles componentes en el techo y en las paredes fallarían primero. Algunos modos de falla causan consecuencias más serias para la estructura y los ocupantes. Por ejemplo, la falla entre la unión de las cerchas y las paredes resulta en la pérdida total del techo, mientras que la falla en los clavos y tornillos de los paneles de metal solo resulta en la pérdida de los paneles.</p> <p dir="ltr">Nuestros hallazgos revelaron las modificaciones necesarias para techos de madera ya existentes y las recomendaciones para estructuras nuevas en madera. Según los resultados, dimos prioridad a las recomendaciones para reducir fallas severas como ya antes vistas en cada tipo de casa.</p> <p dir="ltr">Basado en el estudio, primero, recomendamos reforzar las uniones entre las cerchas y las paredes para evitar una falla que resulte en la pérdida del sistema del techo y paredes. Nuestro análisis demuestra que los constructores deben usar anclajes en cada unión entre las cerchas y las paredes, evitar clavar los clavos/tornillos de manera entrecruzada para conectar los mismos, y por último evitar construir la estructura del techo sin conectarla apropiadamente a las paredes, más común en las casas de mampostería.</p> <p dir="ltr">Segundo, los constructores deben reforzar las uniones entre las correas (alfajías) y las cerchas utilizando anclajes en cada unión, ya que la unión débil entre correas y cerchas fue el primer componente a fallar en estructuras de madera. Si los anclajes no están disponibles, los constructores pueden usar una “abrazadera de madera” (o conexión de “cleat”, con clavos, con un diámetro de 0.2 pulgados, reforzando la unión.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="text-align-center" dir="ltr"></p> <p class="text-align-center" dir="ltr"><em>Imagen: "Abrazadera de madera” (conexión de “cleat”)</em></p> <p dir="ltr">Por último, los constructores deben reforzar la conexión entre los paneles de metal y el techo, el cual era el modo más predominante en las fallas, pero no es una falla tan seria como la falla de las uniones entre las cerchas y las paredes o entre las correas y las cerchas. La conexión entre los paneles y clavos/tornillos puede ser reforzada al clavarlos con un espacio no más de seis pulgadas en cada correa, al interior y exterior, lo cual mejora el desempeño con cualquier tamaño o tipo de clavo; instalar calibre 26 de paneles de hierro galvanizado acanalados o más gruesos, como calibre 24 si disponible; instalar paneles trapezoidales en vez de paneles acanalados; usar los clavos de paraguas para conectar los paneles a las correas; y remplazar paneles oxidados o pintar los paneles con pintura resistente al óxido.&nbsp;Nuestro análisis dio a luz a recomendaciones para la reconstrucción o construcción de techos nuevos. Los constructores deben reducir el espacio de las correas a 2 pies (0.6 metros) o menos y el espacio de las cerchas a 4 pies (1.2 metros) para mejorar el desempeño del techo. Nuestros resultados indicaron que la carga de viento reducida en un techo a cuatro aguas lleva a una reducción de las cargas totales y mejora el desempeño; constructores deben construir los techos a cuatro aguas en vez de a dos aguas si es posible, aunque reconocemos que los constructores están acostumbrados a la construcción de los techos a dos aguas. Finalmente, el deterioro de la madera reduce el desempeño y, por tanto, cuando sea posible, los propietarios deben reemplazar la madera deteriorada por madera tratada.</p> <p class="text-align-center" dir="ltr"></p> <p class="text-align-center" dir="ltr">Imagen: Techos a dos aguas y a cuatro aguas</p> <p dir="ltr">Idealmente, todos estos cambios y recomendaciones se realizan para incrementar&nbsp; la seguridad del hogar, pero cada cambio por sí mismo es una mejora. El cambio más fácil a realizar es reducir el espacio entre los clavos/tornillos, ya que solo requiere la instalación de más clavos sin quitar o reemplazar materiales.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p dir="ltr">En general, basado en las variaciones en la construcción de hogares y los materiales disponibles en las ferreterías en Puerto Rico, los resultados del estudio fueron utilizados para crear recomendaciones viables para modificar las casas y mejorar la seguridad. Hemos estimado que los materiales incluidos en las recomendaciones cuestan desde un mínimo de $5, para disminuir el espacio entre los clavos en los paneles, hasta el máximo de $400-$500 para reemplazar todos los paneles del techo. Esperamos compartir la lista de las recomendaciones priorizadas a las organizaciones comunitarias, los propietarios, y los constructores alrededor de Puerto Rico para así cambiar las percepciones de las prácticas en la construcción segura de hogares, y finalmente, mejorar la seguridad de las viviendas en caso de huracanes.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--ucb-related-articles-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div>Off</div> </div> </h2> <div>Traditional</div> <div>0</div> <div>On</div> <div>White</div> Fri, 19 Nov 2021 18:50:05 +0000 Anonymous 809 at /lab/gpo Construyendo Viviendas que son seguras en Huracanes y Terremotos /lab/gpo/2021/11/19/construyendo-viviendas-que-son-seguras-en-huracanes-y-terremotos <span>Construyendo Viviendas que son seguras en Huracanes y Terremotos</span> <span><span>Anonymous (not verified)</span></span> <span><time datetime="2021-11-19T11:16:57-07:00" title="Friday, November 19, 2021 - 11:16">Fri, 11/19/2021 - 11:16</time> </span> <div role="contentinfo" class="container ucb-article-categories" itemprop="about"> <span class="visually-hidden">Categories:</span> <div class="ucb-article-category-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <i class="fa-solid fa-folder-open"></i> </div> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/156"> Blogs </a> </div> <div role="contentinfo" class="container ucb-article-tags" itemprop="keywords"> <span class="visually-hidden">Tags:</span> <div class="ucb-article-tag-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <i class="fa-solid fa-tags"></i> </div> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/168" hreflang="en">Disaster Recovery and Resiliency</a> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/409" hreflang="en">Puerto Rico</a> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/413" hreflang="en">concrete</a> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/411" hreflang="en">earthquakes</a> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/415" hreflang="en">house</a> </div> <div class="ucb-article-content ucb-striped-content"> <div class="container"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--article-content paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="ucb-article-content-media ucb-article-content-media-above"> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--media paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ucb-article-text d-flex align-items-center" itemprop="articleBody"> <div><p dir="ltr"><em>Escrito por: Briar Goldwyn, Cole Velasquez, Yarelis Gonzales, y Polly Murray</em></p> <p dir="ltr">Cuando comenzamos a estudiar el desempeño de las viviendas informalmente construidas en varios desastres naturales en Puerto Rico, la isla no se había afectado por un fuerte terremoto desde hace&nbsp; más de cien años. Comenzamos nuestro estudio en Julio de 2019 preguntando a varios constructores locales, ingenieros, empleados de ferreterías, y propietarios, sobre el riesgo y daño esperado a las casas en caso de un terremoto. Ellos respondieron con preocupaciones sobre el daño de un tsunami, sin hacer mucha referencia&nbsp; hacia los temblores o&nbsp; el daño a las casas de concreto. Hubo un&nbsp; gran cambio&nbsp; en la conversación después de que una serie de terremotos hubieran&nbsp; ocurrido cerca de la costa suroeste de la isla a finales del año 2019 y a principios del 2020, siendo el más fuerte de una magnitud de momento de 6,4. El daño causado por los terremotos afectó específicamente a viviendas construidas con concreto armado y albañilería en el suroeste de la isla. En respuesta, las percepciones de seguridad cambiaron lo que llevó a una falta de confianza en el sector&nbsp; de construcción ya existente y un interés creciente en&nbsp; consultar a ingenieros y arquitectos. Como parte de un proyecto más grande, buscamos evaluar los métodos de construcción y el desempeño estructural de viviendas en el evento de un terremoto.</p> <p dir="ltr">Para evaluar el desempeño de las viviendas en Puerto Rico en terremotos, analizamos el desempeño estructural de las casas de concreto armado, incluyendo las paredes de bloques. Al comenzar esta evaluación, documentamos la gran variedad de los diseños de casas, aún entre casas construidas por el mismo constructor en la misma calle. Identificamos distintos modelos comúnmente vistos en la construcción de la isla, y evaluamos el impacto de la construcción y las decisiones en el diseño de las mismas en el desempeño sísmico, utilizando el riesgo de un colapso en un evento futuro como criterio de seguridad. Estos modelos incluyen casas construidas con dos métodos de construcción tales como albañilería confinada y albañilería rellena, y casas construidas en zancos/pilotes. Igualmente, variamos en la resistencia de los materiales, en los detalles al reforzar la estructura, en las aperturas de las paredes y los métodos de construcción, entre otras características al construir.También, consideramos en cómo los propietarios de viviendas y constructores pueden implementar técnicas de reforzamiento&nbsp; para reducir los riesgos a la seguridad.</p> <p class="text-align-center" dir="ltr"></p> <p class="text-align-center" dir="ltr"><em>Imagen: Albañilería rellenada vs. Albañilería confinada (Fuente:&nbsp;<a href="https://emiworld.org/emi-tech/same-materials-different-buildings" rel="nofollow">https://emiworld.org/emi-tech/same-materials-different-buildings</a>)&nbsp;</em></p> <p dir="ltr">En este estudio, hemos identificado algunas recomendaciones para mejorar la seguridad sísmica de la construcción con concreto armado en terremotos futuros. Hemos presentado recomendaciones para la construcción nueva y&nbsp; la construcción existente. Para las casas nuevas, nosotros sugerimos que los constructores:</p> <ul> <li dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr">Usen la construcción liviana en los&nbsp; techos&nbsp; y forjados</p> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr">Construyan la vivienda con la albañilería confinada en vez de la albañilería rellenada</p> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr">Construyan las columnas con menos espacio entre los anillos , cortes transversales más grandes, y con barras de refuerzo que no&nbsp; estén oxidadas.</p> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr">Si prefiere la construcción sobre zancos/pilotes por la posibilidad de inundaciones, asegure que las columnas tengan la fuerza apropiada y la capacidad de deformación necesaria con el tamaño transversal necesario, y la cantidad de barras de refuerzo longitudinales y transversales necesarias para las cargas de terremoto</p> </li> </ul> <p dir="ltr">Para las estructuras existentes, determinamos que:</p> <ul> <li dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr">Las columnas vulnerables en las casas construidas sobre pilotes pueden ser reforzadas con una “chaqueta” de concreto armado. Esta renovación aumenta el tamaño de la columna y la cantidad de barras de refuerzo longitudinales y transversales&nbsp;</p> </li> </ul> <p class="text-align-center" dir="ltr"></p> <p class="text-align-center" dir="ltr"><em>Imagen: "Chaqueta” de concreto armado</em></p> <ul> <li dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr">Las viviendas construidas sobre zancos/pilotes pueden ser mejoradas al construir paredes entre los pilotes&nbsp;</p> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr">Idealmente&nbsp; los constructores y los propietarios&nbsp; expanden horizontalmente los hogares (más cuartos en el primer piso) y&nbsp; expanden verticalmente con segundos pisos construidos&nbsp; en madera, considerando el riesgo de huracanes</p> </li> </ul> <p dir="ltr">Estos hallazgos son importantes, sin embargo, sólo saber cuáles decisiones en la construcción son más seguras no resuelta en un cambio en las prácticas comunes. El último aspecto crucial del proyecto es reconocer y entender por qué la gente local toma algunas decisiones en la construcción. Durante tres viajes a la isla, y con la ayuda y guía vital de ocho asistentes en la investigación y tantos constructores, arquitectos, ingenieros, y empleados de organizaciones locales, nuestro equipo recogió encuestas y datos para estudiar las percepciones de las decisiones de construcción y los efectos al desempeño en huracanes y terremotos. Después de entrevistar más de 50 personas y encuestar más de 300 constructores y empleados de ferreterías alrededor de Puerto Rico, estamos analizando actualmente los resultados para entender totalmente las percepciones de la seguridad del hogar.</p> <p dir="ltr">Hasta la fecha, descubrimos algunas percepciones de la seguridad en las encuestas que no están de acuerdo con los resultados de nuestro análisis estructural. Entonces, queda una pregunta para nuestro equipo: ¿cómo unimos los resultados del análisis estructural y los resultados sobre las percepciones de seguridad en Puerto Rico?</p> <p dir="ltr">Reconociendo el papel crucial y útil que las organizaciones comunitarias y locales tienen en Puerto Rico, queremos utilizar estos grupos por sus conocimientos inmensos e influencias. Con la esperanza de mejorar la seguridad de las viviendas, organizaciones locales pueden divulgar los resultados de una manera memorable, clara, y efectiva.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--ucb-related-articles-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div>Off</div> </div> </h2> <div>Traditional</div> <div>0</div> <div>On</div> <div>White</div> Fri, 19 Nov 2021 18:16:57 +0000 Anonymous 807 at /lab/gpo Building housing that is safe in hurricanes and earthquakes /lab/gpo/2021/11/15/building-housing-safe-hurricanes-and-earthquakes <span>Building housing that is safe in hurricanes and earthquakes </span> <span><span>Anonymous (not verified)</span></span> <span><time datetime="2021-11-15T20:53:23-07:00" title="Monday, November 15, 2021 - 20:53">Mon, 11/15/2021 - 20:53</time> </span> <div role="contentinfo" class="container ucb-article-categories" itemprop="about"> <span class="visually-hidden">Categories:</span> <div class="ucb-article-category-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <i class="fa-solid fa-folder-open"></i> </div> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/156"> Blogs </a> </div> <div role="contentinfo" class="container ucb-article-tags" itemprop="keywords"> <span class="visually-hidden">Tags:</span> <div class="ucb-article-tag-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <i class="fa-solid fa-tags"></i> </div> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/168" hreflang="en">Disaster Recovery and Resiliency</a> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/409" hreflang="en">Puerto Rico</a> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/413" hreflang="en">concrete</a> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/411" hreflang="en">earthquakes</a> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/415" hreflang="en">house</a> </div> <div class="ucb-article-content ucb-striped-content"> <div class="container"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--article-content paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="ucb-article-content-media ucb-article-content-media-above"> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--media paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ucb-article-text d-flex align-items-center" itemprop="articleBody"> <div><p dir="ltr"><em>Written by: Briar Goldwyn, Cole Velasquez, Yarelis Gonzales, and Polly Murray</em></p> <p dir="ltr">When we first set out to study the multi-hazard performance of informally constructed housing in Puerto Rico, the island had not been majorly affected by an earthquake for over 100 years. We began our study in July 2019&nbsp; by asking household members, local builders, engineers, and hardware store employees about the expected risk of an earthquake to their housing and were met with statements about tsunami damage, without many references to shaking or damage to concrete housing. There was a major shift in the conversation after a series of earthquakes, the largest of which was a moment magnitude (Mw) 6.4, occurred along the southwest coast of Puerto Rico in late 2019 and early 2020. In response to earthquake-induced damage, which mostly affected reinforced concrete (RC) and masonry housing in the island’s southwest, safety perceptions shifted, resulting in distrust of the existing construction sector and a growing interest in consultation of engineers and architects. As part of a larger project, we sought to assess construction methods and structural performance of houses in an earthquake event.&nbsp;</p> <p>To evaluate the performance of Puerto Rico’s housing in earthquakes, we analyzed the structural performance of RC houses, including those with masonry walls. To begin this assessment, we first documented the wide variety of housing designs, even between houses built by the same builder on the same street. We identified a set of archetype houses, and assessed the impact of construction and design decisions on seismic performance, using collapse risk in a future event as a measure of life safety.&nbsp; These archetypes include elevated houses with open ground stories, and houses with masonry infilled or confined masonry walls. We varied material strength, reinforcement detailing, wall openings, and construction method, among other building characteristics. We also looked at the ways households and builders could implement retrofitting techniques to reduce safety risks.</p> <p class="text-align-center" dir="ltr"></p> <p class="text-align-center" dir="ltr"><em>Image: Confined vs. infill masonry (Source:&nbsp;<a href="https://emiworld.org/emi-tech/same-materials-different-buildings" rel="nofollow">https://emiworld.org/emi-tech/same-materials-different-buildings</a>)&nbsp;</em></p> <p>Through this study, we have identified several recommendations to improve seismic safety of RC construction in future earthquake events. We have provided recommendations for new and existing construction. For new houses, we suggest builders:&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr">Use lighter weight construction for roofs and floor slabs</p> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr">Build housing through the process of confined rather than infilled masonry construction</p> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr">Build columns with closer traverse tie spacing, larger cross sections, and with reinforcing bars that are not corroded.&nbsp;</p> </li> <li dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr">If open-ground story construction is preferred due to potential flooding, ensure columns provide adequate strength and deformation capacity, with adequate cross-sectional area, and longitudinal and transverse reinforcing bars for expected earthquake loads</p> </li> </ul> <p>For existing structures, we found:</p> <ul> <li dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr">Vulnerable columns in open ground story can be strengthened using RC jackets that enlarge the cross-section, and provide additional longitudinal and transverse reinforcement&nbsp;</p> </li> </ul> <p class="text-align-center" dir="ltr"></p> <p class="text-align-center" dir="ltr"><em>Image: Reinforced concrete jacket</em></p> <ul> <li dir="ltr"> <p dir="ltr">Builders and households would ideally construct horizontal expansions (side rooms added to structure) with concrete and vertical expansions (second stories) with wood (considering hurricane risk, of course)&nbsp;</p> </li> </ul> <p dir="ltr">These&nbsp;findings are important, however, simply knowing that specific construction decisions may be safer&nbsp; does not lead to a change in local construction practices. The critical and the final aspect of our project is to recognize and understand why certain construction decisions are made. Across three fieldwork trips, and with the vital help and guidance from eight different research assistants and countless local organization staff, builders, architects, and structural engineers, our research team collected surveys and data to study the perceptions surrounding construction decisions and their effect on multi-hazard performance. After interviewing over 50 people and collecting more than 300 surveys of local builders and&nbsp; hardware store employees across Puerto Rico, we are currently analyzing the results to holistically understand housing safety perceptions.&nbsp;</p> <p>To date,&nbsp;we have found a couple of housing safety perceptions within our surveys that do not necessarily align with our structural performance assessments. So, our team is left with a lingering question: how do we merge the results of the structural analysis and the findings about safety perceptions from the local perspective?&nbsp;</p> <p>Recognizing the vital and helpful role that community-based and grassroots organizations play across Puerto Rico, we seek to turn to these groups for their wealth of knowledge and influence. In the hope to improve housing safety, local community-based organizations can help disseminate our findings in a memorable, clear, and impactful way.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--ucb-related-articles-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div>Off</div> </div> </h2> <div>Traditional</div> <div>0</div> <div>On</div> <div>White</div> Tue, 16 Nov 2021 03:53:23 +0000 Anonymous 799 at /lab/gpo How can wood houses be built to withstand future hurricanes? /lab/gpo/2021/11/15/how-can-wood-houses-be-built-withstand-future-hurricanes <span>How can wood houses be built to withstand future hurricanes? </span> <span><span>Anonymous (not verified)</span></span> <span><time datetime="2021-11-15T20:39:45-07:00" title="Monday, November 15, 2021 - 20:39">Mon, 11/15/2021 - 20:39</time> </span> <div role="contentinfo" class="container ucb-article-categories" itemprop="about"> <span class="visually-hidden">Categories:</span> <div class="ucb-article-category-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <i class="fa-solid fa-folder-open"></i> </div> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/156"> Blogs </a> </div> <div role="contentinfo" class="container ucb-article-tags" itemprop="keywords"> <span class="visually-hidden">Tags:</span> <div class="ucb-article-tag-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <i class="fa-solid fa-tags"></i> </div> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/168" hreflang="en">Disaster Recovery and Resiliency</a> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/409" hreflang="en">Puerto Rico</a> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/403" hreflang="en">Wood house</a> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/405" hreflang="en">hurricane</a> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/407" hreflang="en">safety</a> </div> <div class="ucb-article-content ucb-striped-content"> <div class="container"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--article-content paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="ucb-article-content-media ucb-article-content-media-above"> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--media paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div> <div class="imageMediaStyle large_image_style"> <img loading="lazy" src="/lab/gpo/sites/default/files/styles/large_image_style/public/article-image/screen_shot_2021-11-19_at_12.52.05_pm.png?itok=y5o5linL" width="1500" height="616" alt="Gable roof and hip roof"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ucb-article-text d-flex align-items-center" itemprop="articleBody"> <div><p dir="ltr"><em>Written by: Briar Goldwyn, Cole Velasquez, Yarelis Gonzales, and Meredith Lochhead</em></p> <p dir="ltr">In Puerto Rico, a U.S. Caribbean island exposed to both hurricanes and earthquakes, it is estimated that over half of all commercial and residential construction is constructed informally. While this informally constructed housing provides housing access for individuals who have low incomes, are unable to secure land tenure, or are otherwise unable or unwilling to go through formal housing construction processes, this housing may present safety risks in hazard-prone regions such as the Caribbean. Understanding this context, our study examines and prioritizes modifications based on available resources to reduce the likelihood of wood-frame housing damage and destruction in future hurricane wind events in Puerto Rico.&nbsp;</p> <p>We conducted interviews with engineers, architects, builders, and homeowners across Puerto Rico to compile a list of housing design characteristics to reflect the variations present in Puerto Rico’s informally constructed housing. We started by establishing four main housing types: three wood-frame houses, including one-story houses with hip and gable roofs and a two-story house with a gable roof, and one reinforced concrete and masonry house with a gable roof. We assumed the roofs consisted of wooden truss members and corrugated metal panels for all houses, reflecting common construction practices. We considered the effect of modifications in the roof panel gauge and shape, fastener type and spacing, connections between purlins, trusses and walls, truss and purlin spacing, material deterioration, wall bracing in the wood-frame houses, and reinforcement in the concrete/masonry houses.&nbsp;</p> <p class="text-align-center" dir="ltr"></p> <p class="text-align-center"><em>Image 1:&nbsp;Wood-frame roof</em></p> <p dir="ltr">Then, for each of these four general types of houses, we determined the wind speed at which roof failure occurred.&nbsp; This wind speed is quantified using 3-second wind speeds and represents, probabilistically, the wind speed at which failure occurs 50% of the time, considering uncertainties in wind demand and roof capacity.&nbsp; This analysis also revealed which components in the roofs or walls were likely to fail first. Some failure modes produce more severe consequences for the structure and its occupants. For example, the failure of connections between the trusses and walls resulted in complete roof loss, whereas failure at the panel fasteners will only result in the loss of roof panels.</p> <p>Our findings revealed modifications that were needed for existing wooden roof structures and recommendations for the construction of new wooden roof structures. From these findings, we prioritized these recommendations in order to limit the severity of failure seen in each housing typology.&nbsp;</p> <p>Based on these assessments, first, we recommend strengthening the connections between trusses and walls, to prevent failure that could lead to the loss of the entire roof-to-wall system. Our analysis showed that builders should include hurricane straps at each truss-to-wall connection, avoiding using toe-nailed connections to attach the truss to the wall and also avoiding building a roof structure that is not connected to the wall system, which&nbsp; occurs primarily&nbsp; in masonry buildings.&nbsp;</p> <p dir="ltr">Second, builders should strengthen connections between purlins and trusses by using hurricane straps at each connection because weak purlin-to-truss connections were often the first component to fail in a wooden house. If hurricane straps are not available, builders can use cleat connections with nails with a diameter of at least 0.2 inches to improve connection performance.&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="text-align-center" dir="ltr"></p> <p class="text-align-center" dir="ltr"><em>Image: Cleat Connection</em></p> <p dir="ltr">Finally, builders should strengthen the connection of the roof panels to the roof, which was the most prevalent governing failure mode, but is less severe than if truss-to-wall or purlin-to-truss failures occurred. The panel-fastener interface can be strengthened by making fastener spacing no bigger than 6 inches on both interior and exterior purlins, which improved performance regardless of the type of nail or head diameter; installing 26-gauge corrugated galvanized iron panels (CGI) or thicker, such as 24-gauge CGI if available; installing trapezoidal panels, rather than corrugated panels; using umbrella nails to fasten panels to purlins; and replacing corroded roof panels or painting the roof panels with rust-resistant protective coatings.&nbsp;</p> <p dir="ltr">Our analysis also led to recommendations for the construction or reconstruction of new roofs. Builders should reduce the spacing of purlins to a maximum of 2-feet and trusses to a maximum of 4-feet to improve roof performance. Our findings established that the reduced wind pressures on a hip roof lead to overall reductions in demand and improved component performance; builders should use hip roofs instead of gable roofs if possible, although we recognize that builders may be much more accustomed to building gable roofs. Finally, wood deterioration reduced performance and, thus, deteriorating wood members should be replaced with new, treated wood members when possible.&nbsp;</p> <p class="text-align-center" dir="ltr"></p> <p class="text-align-center" dir="ltr"><em>Image: Gable roof and hip roof</em></p> <p dir="ltr">Ideally, all of these changes and recommendations would be made to increase housing safety, but any one of them on their own will make an improvement. Reducing fastener spacing is likely the easiest change to implement as it requires adding extra nails and nothing has to be removed or replaced.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>Overall, the findings of this study were used to establish feasible recommendations for modifications to increase housing safety based on a range of housing variations commonly seen across Puerto Rico and materials available in locally owned hardware stores. We have estimated the costs of these recommendations (materials) range from the lowest cost modification of $5, decreasing nail spacing at panel-fastener interface, to the highest cost of $400-$500 to replace the roof panels of an entire house. We hope to share our list of prioritized recommendations with local community-based organizations, households, and builders across Puerto Rico to change misaligned perceptions about safe housing construction, and ultimately, to improve housing safety in hurricanes.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--ucb-related-articles-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div>Off</div> </div> </h2> <div>Traditional</div> <div>0</div> <div>On</div> <div>White</div> Tue, 16 Nov 2021 03:39:45 +0000 Anonymous 789 at /lab/gpo What are collective action approaches anyway? /lab/gpo/2019/12/19/what-are-collective-action-approaches-anyway <span>What are collective action approaches anyway?</span> <span><span>Anonymous (not verified)</span></span> <span><time datetime="2019-12-19T16:09:09-07:00" title="Thursday, December 19, 2019 - 16:09">Thu, 12/19/2019 - 16:09</time> </span> <div role="contentinfo" class="container ucb-article-categories" itemprop="about"> <span class="visually-hidden">Categories:</span> <div class="ucb-article-category-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <i class="fa-solid fa-folder-open"></i> </div> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/156"> Blogs </a> </div> <div role="contentinfo" class="container ucb-article-tags" itemprop="keywords"> <span class="visually-hidden">Tags:</span> <div class="ucb-article-tag-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <i class="fa-solid fa-tags"></i> </div> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/208" hreflang="en">Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH)</a> </div> <a href="/lab/gpo/kimberly-pugel">Kimberly Pugel</a> <div class="ucb-article-content ucb-striped-content"> <div class="container"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--article-content paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="ucb-article-content-media ucb-article-content-media-above"> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--media paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div> <div class="imageMediaStyle large_image_style"> <img loading="lazy" src="/lab/gpo/sites/default/files/styles/large_image_style/public/article-image/swsannualmeetinguganda2019_17.jpg?itok=b2qhxxM9" width="1500" height="1000" alt="Group of people working together"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ucb-article-text d-flex align-items-center" itemprop="articleBody"> <div><p>Read full blog post here:​&nbsp;<a href="https://enviroincentives.com/blog/4114/" rel="nofollow">https://enviroincentives.com/blog/4114/</a></p> <p>We have observed a range of approaches used to address problems of coordination and collaboration among WASH stakeholders, donors, and implementers which often differ in the intensity of collaboration.&nbsp;The least intensive collaborations are informative platforms that simply improve the availability of information. Slightly more intensive are consultative approaches that aim to improve information flows (processes) and reduce the duplication of effort. Next, collaborative approaches aim to improve the way that services are delivered by building consensus on the bottlenecks and challenges that affect the stakeholders. Finally, the most intensive collaborations are integrative, which aim to mobilize members for joint actions according to a shared agenda.</p> <p>By grouping and comparing similar approaches, we can more easily identify trends and lessons. Ultimately, a guiding framework of the range of related approaches could help organizations select the most appropriate approaches for their context and goals.</p> <p>Within this range of collaboration, “collective action” refers more narrowly to&nbsp;both collaborative and integrative approaches.&nbsp;This definition best fits the recent wave of activities that seek to bring together stakeholders around a common vision and problem to change how WASH services are delivered.</p> <p>Specifically, we define a collective action approach as: A process for improving a public service in which sectoral stakeholders regularly convene and take joint actions to address shared problems, and in which:</p> <ul> <li>problems are complex and their solutions require deliberation and action by many actors,</li> <li>members agree on a shared vision and shared problem definition, and</li> <li>stakeholders clarify responsibilities for service provision and hold each other accountable for actions.</li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--ucb-related-articles-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div>Off</div> </div> </h2> <div>Traditional</div> <div>0</div> <div>On</div> <div>White</div> Thu, 19 Dec 2019 23:09:09 +0000 Anonymous 697 at /lab/gpo The 'art' in partnerships /lab/gpo/2019/02/05/art-partnerships <span>The 'art' in partnerships</span> <span><span>Anonymous (not verified)</span></span> <span><time datetime="2019-02-05T10:52:27-07:00" title="Tuesday, February 5, 2019 - 10:52">Tue, 02/05/2019 - 10:52</time> </span> <div role="contentinfo" class="container ucb-article-categories" itemprop="about"> <span class="visually-hidden">Categories:</span> <div class="ucb-article-category-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <i class="fa-solid fa-folder-open"></i> </div> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/156"> Blogs </a> </div> <div role="contentinfo" class="container ucb-article-tags" itemprop="keywords"> <span class="visually-hidden">Tags:</span> <div class="ucb-article-tag-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <i class="fa-solid fa-tags"></i> </div> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/208" hreflang="en">Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH)</a> </div> <a href="/lab/gpo/kimberly-pugel">Kimberly Pugel</a> <div class="ucb-article-content ucb-striped-content"> <div class="container"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--article-content paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="ucb-article-content-media ucb-article-content-media-above"> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--media paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div> <div class="imageMediaStyle large_image_style"> <img loading="lazy" src="/lab/gpo/sites/default/files/styles/large_image_style/public/article-image/uganda_kabarole_-_solar_water_pump-638x359.jpg?itok=4It5zs2T" width="1500" height="844" alt="In Kabarole, Uganda, people stand around a solar-powered water pump and look at a sheet of paper."> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ucb-article-text d-flex align-items-center" itemprop="articleBody"> <div><p>You can’t do it alone, and government can’t do it alone. Strengthening a WASH system needs a whole partnership of actors working collectively, but what do partnerships need to work well? These partnerships bring together those that make the system controversial and complex in the first place – the agencies, organisations, or individuals with conflicting ideas about what the problem is and what needs to be done.&nbsp;</p> <p>Read the full blog post <a href="https://www.ircwash.org/blog/%E2%80%98art%E2%80%99-partnerships" rel="nofollow">here</a>.</p> <p><strong>Pugel, K.</strong> (2018). "<a href="https://www.ircwash.org/blog/%E2%80%98art%E2%80%99-partnerships" rel="nofollow">The 'art' in partnerships</a>." IRC.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--ucb-related-articles-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div>Off</div> </div> </h2> <div>Traditional</div> <div>0</div> <div>On</div> <div>White</div> Tue, 05 Feb 2019 17:52:27 +0000 Anonymous 671 at /lab/gpo Influencing UN policies: the art of people-watching /lab/gpo/2019/02/05/influencing-un-policies-art-people-watching <span>Influencing UN policies: the art of people-watching</span> <span><span>Anonymous (not verified)</span></span> <span><time datetime="2019-02-05T10:48:30-07:00" title="Tuesday, February 5, 2019 - 10:48">Tue, 02/05/2019 - 10:48</time> </span> <div role="contentinfo" class="container ucb-article-categories" itemprop="about"> <span class="visually-hidden">Categories:</span> <div class="ucb-article-category-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <i class="fa-solid fa-folder-open"></i> </div> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/156"> Blogs </a> </div> <a href="/lab/gpo/kimberly-pugel">Kimberly Pugel</a> <div class="ucb-article-content ucb-striped-content"> <div class="container"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--article-content paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="ucb-article-content-media ucb-article-content-media-above"> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--media paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div> <div class="imageMediaStyle large_image_style"> <img loading="lazy" src="/lab/gpo/sites/default/files/styles/large_image_style/public/article-image/img_19931.jpg?itok=mqsc28uw" width="1500" height="359" alt="People sitting around a table at the UN, discussing."> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ucb-article-text d-flex align-items-center" itemprop="articleBody"> <div><p>Earlier in 2018 when I presented at a Youth Forum at the UN, I felt inspired to be sitting in the same seats as decision makers. But in June 2018 at the&nbsp;<a href="https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/TFM/STIForum2018" rel="nofollow">Multi-stakeholder Forum for Science, Technology, and Innovation</a>, the feeling was different – that I could&nbsp;<i>influence</i>&nbsp;decision makers.&nbsp;<i>Influencing</i>&nbsp;decisions and policy means translating the stories and evidence of challenges and solutions that are experienced on the ground into a language that changes policies, project cycles, and budgets. And once translated, it requires advocating for the right people to make those changes.</p> <p>Pugel, K. (2018). "<a href="https://mcedccu.wordpress.com/2018/06/08/influencing-un-policies-the-art-of-people-watching/" rel="nofollow">Influencing UN policies: the art of people-watching</a>". MCEDC.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--ucb-related-articles-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div>Off</div> </div> </h2> <div>Traditional</div> <div>0</div> <div>On</div> <div>White</div> Tue, 05 Feb 2019 17:48:30 +0000 Anonymous 669 at /lab/gpo Political Drivers, Including SDG Indicators, Directly Impact Sanitation Efforts on the Ground /lab/gpo/2017/08/21/political-drivers-including-sdg-indicators-directly-impact-sanitation-efforts-ground <span>Political Drivers, Including SDG Indicators, Directly Impact Sanitation Efforts on the Ground</span> <span><span>Anonymous (not verified)</span></span> <span><time datetime="2017-08-21T00:00:00-06:00" title="Monday, August 21, 2017 - 00:00">Mon, 08/21/2017 - 00:00</time> </span> <div role="contentinfo" class="container ucb-article-categories" itemprop="about"> <span class="visually-hidden">Categories:</span> <div class="ucb-article-category-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <i class="fa-solid fa-folder-open"></i> </div> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/156"> Blogs </a> </div> <div role="contentinfo" class="container ucb-article-tags" itemprop="keywords"> <span class="visually-hidden">Tags:</span> <div class="ucb-article-tag-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <i class="fa-solid fa-tags"></i> </div> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/208" hreflang="en">Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH)</a> </div> <a href="/lab/gpo/kimberly-pugel">Kimberly Pugel</a> <div class="ucb-article-content ucb-striped-content"> <div class="container"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--article-content paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="ucb-article-content-media ucb-article-content-media-above"> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--media paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ucb-article-text d-flex align-items-center" itemprop="articleBody"> <div><p>Here we look at shared sanitation at the national, district, and household levels in Ethiopia, and why it should not be overlooked by the SDGs.</p> <hr> <p><strong>Pugel, K.</strong> (2017). "<a href="https://www.ircwash.org/blog/sustainable-development-goals-are-leaving-behind-shared-sanitation?utm_source=Amplify&amp;utm_campaign=5c4000cc1e-Amplify_Aug_2017&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_term=0_d60e6862b4-5c4000cc1e-57588293" rel="nofollow">Political Drivers, Including SDG Indicators, Directly Impact Sanitation Efforts on the Ground</a>." IRC.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div>Pugel, K. (2017). IRC.</div> <h2> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--ucb-related-articles-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div>Off</div> </div> </h2> <div>Traditional</div> <div>0</div> <div>On</div> <div>White</div> Mon, 21 Aug 2017 06:00:00 +0000 Anonymous 598 at /lab/gpo Urban Sheltering: Evidence on Rental Subsidies and Hosting /lab/gpo/2017/01/17/urban-sheltering-evidence-rental-subsidies-and-hosting <span>Urban Sheltering: Evidence on Rental Subsidies and Hosting</span> <span><span>Anonymous (not verified)</span></span> <span><time datetime="2017-01-17T00:00:00-07:00" title="Tuesday, January 17, 2017 - 00:00">Tue, 01/17/2017 - 00:00</time> </span> <div role="contentinfo" class="container ucb-article-categories" itemprop="about"> <span class="visually-hidden">Categories:</span> <div class="ucb-article-category-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <i class="fa-solid fa-folder-open"></i> </div> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/156"> Blogs </a> </div> <div role="contentinfo" class="container ucb-article-tags" itemprop="keywords"> <span class="visually-hidden">Tags:</span> <div class="ucb-article-tag-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <i class="fa-solid fa-tags"></i> </div> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/168" hreflang="en">Disaster Recovery and Resiliency</a> </div> <a href="/lab/gpo/aaron-opdyke">Aaron Opdyke</a> <span>,&nbsp;</span> <span>Phoebe Tabo</span> <span>,&nbsp;</span> <a href="/lab/gpo/amy-javernick-will">Amy Javernick-Will</a> <div class="ucb-article-content ucb-striped-content"> <div class="container"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--article-content paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="ucb-article-content-media ucb-article-content-media-above"> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--media paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ucb-article-text d-flex align-items-center" itemprop="articleBody"> <div><p><strong>Opdyke, A.</strong>, <strong>Tabo, P.</strong>, and <strong>Javernick-Will, A.</strong>&nbsp;(2017). “<a href="http://odihpn.org/blog/urban-sheltering-evidence-on-rental-subsidies-and-hosting/" rel="nofollow">Urban Sheltering: Evidence on Rental Subsidies and Hosting</a>.” Overseas Development Institute Humanitarian Practice Network.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div>Opdyke, A., Tabo, P., and Javernick-Will, A.&nbsp;(2017). “Urban Sheltering: Evidence on Rental Subsidies and Hosting.” Overseas Development Institute Humanitarian Practice Network.</div> <script> window.location.href = `http://odihpn.org/blog/urban-sheltering-evidence-on-rental-subsidies-and-hosting/`; </script> <h2> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--ucb-related-articles-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div>Off</div> </div> </h2> <div>Traditional</div> <div>0</div> <div>On</div> <div>White</div> Tue, 17 Jan 2017 07:00:00 +0000 Anonymous 242 at /lab/gpo Re-Envisioning Evacuation: Reducing Mortality Through Social Development and Community Sheltering /lab/gpo/2016/09/23/re-envisioning-evacuation-reducing-mortality-through-social-development-and-community <span>Re-Envisioning Evacuation: Reducing Mortality Through Social Development and Community Sheltering</span> <span><span>Anonymous (not verified)</span></span> <span><time datetime="2016-09-23T00:00:00-06:00" title="Friday, September 23, 2016 - 00:00">Fri, 09/23/2016 - 00:00</time> </span> <div role="contentinfo" class="container ucb-article-categories" itemprop="about"> <span class="visually-hidden">Categories:</span> <div class="ucb-article-category-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <i class="fa-solid fa-folder-open"></i> </div> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/156"> Blogs </a> </div> <div role="contentinfo" class="container ucb-article-tags" itemprop="keywords"> <span class="visually-hidden">Tags:</span> <div class="ucb-article-tag-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <i class="fa-solid fa-tags"></i> </div> <a href="/lab/gpo/taxonomy/term/168" hreflang="en">Disaster Recovery and Resiliency</a> </div> <a href="/lab/gpo/aaron-opdyke">Aaron Opdyke</a> <span>,&nbsp;</span> <a href="/lab/gpo/amy-javernick-will">Amy Javernick-Will</a> <div class="ucb-article-content ucb-striped-content"> <div class="container"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--article-content paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="ucb-article-content-media ucb-article-content-media-above"> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--media paragraph--view-mode--default"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ucb-article-text d-flex align-items-center" itemprop="articleBody"> <div><p><strong>Opdyke, A.</strong>&nbsp;and <strong>Javernick-Will, A.</strong>&nbsp;(2016). “<a href="http://www.preventionweb.net/news/view/50324" rel="nofollow">Re-Envisioning Evacuation: Reducing Mortality Through Social Development and Community Sheltering</a>.” PreventionWeb.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script> window.location.href = `http://www.preventionweb.net/news/view/50324`; </script> <h2> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--ucb-related-articles-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div>Off</div> </div> </h2> <div>Traditional</div> <div>0</div> <div>On</div> <div>White</div> Fri, 23 Sep 2016 06:00:00 +0000 Anonymous 246 at /lab/gpo