麻豆视频

On World Elephant Day, PhD student and researcher Tyler Nuckols emphasizes that both groups are important in human-elephant coexistence

Almost every night, Tyler Nuckols can hear fireworks and shouting鈥攏ot celebrating a holiday or marking an occasion, but trying to drive elephants back into the forest.

In , where Nuckols is conducting socio-ecological fieldwork as he pursues a PhD in the 麻豆视频 Department of Environmental Studies, elephants emerge from the trees of Kui Buri National Park almost every night in search of pineapple.

Over many years, elephants have learned that an easy and accessible meal is in farmers鈥� fields鈥攖o the detriment of those fields and farmers鈥� livelihoods. As farmers lose their source of income and means of supporting their families, elephants risk injury or worse as farmers鈥攁lso risking injury or worse鈥攖ry to deter them.

For a lot of people鈥攎ainly those who don鈥檛 coexist with elephants鈥攖his may not seem like much of a problem. Elephants, after all, are among the world鈥檚 most beloved and charismatic animals, credited with an emotional range that some claim matches or even exceeds that of humans. People visit a zoo and return home daydreaming about backyard elephants.

But on , being celebrated today, Nuckols emphasizes that the challenges and successes of human-elephant coexistence encompass significant issues of sustainability, economic equity, environmental justice and agricultural adaptation that communities and populations worldwide are tackling as climate change fundamentally reshapes how humans coexist with wildlife.

鈥淲e鈥檙e interested in supporting and partnering with local communities to look at solutions to human-elephant conflict beyond the predominant approaches of 鈥榃here do you farm? What do you farm? How much money do you make farming?鈥欌�� Nuckols explains.

"Our research and community-based conservation approach looks to explore a more complex focus related to factors like identity, access to resources听and historical and political factors, among many more layers听that may shape how households can engage in solutions to human-elephant conflict and participate in the first place."

Studying coexistence

Nuckols has been working with elephants for more than 10 years, starting with the Elephant Valley Project in Mondulkiri, Cambodia鈥攁n ethical sanctuary and retirement home for elephants that had worked in tourism or logging. After earning a master鈥檚 degree at Colorado State University, and after COVID curtailed his plans to return to Cambodia to study mitigation techniques to prevent elephants from entering agricultural fields, he began working with Karen Bailey, a CU Boulder assistant professor of environmental studies who leads the

Bailey completed postdoctoral research in southern Africa with communities living outside protected areas 鈥渨ho were living with the threats of climate change and the impact of sharing the landscape with wildlife,鈥� she says. 鈥淪ome of the impacts of crop raiding by elephants in southern Africa were significant predictors of potential food insecurity. When that鈥檚 combined with the threats of changing seasons and changing climate as well, the realities of human-elephant coexistence in communities in and outside of conservation areas become really pronounced.鈥�

As part of the working group with the human-elephant coexistence research organization , Bailey and Nuckols partner with researchers and conservation groups from around the world to study the reasons for conflict between agriculturalists and elephants, as well as develop and test interventions that support livelihoods and work to rebuild community resilience and landscapes in different countries and cultures.

Nuckols began researching in Thailand in 2022, partnering with NGO to study human-elephant conflict and how elephants interact with different types of agricultural crops. Nuckols鈥� research also focuses on environmental justice and resilience, and how communities define ecological justice for both humans and elephants.

The community where Nuckols鈥� research is based is not only a human-elephant conflict hot spot, but also a success story for conservation and community-based tourism.

鈥淏ut despite the positive impacts of tourism and some grassroots efforts, conflict occurs every night,鈥� Nuckols says. 鈥淵ou can hear fireworks and shouting and people trying to get elephants back into the forest every night. So, one of the ideas that community members are evaluating is crop transition. Research has shown that elephants won鈥檛 eat lemongrass, ginger, chili, citronella, so farmers are interested in growing these crops, but the community is asking how to ensure it鈥檚 sustainable and equitable.

鈥淐hanging crops is a high-risk decision, when they know they can sell monocrop pineapple that they鈥檝e been growing for decades.鈥�

Risk vs. reward

A significant challenge in human-elephant coexistence is the disconnect between people actually living with or near elephants and the rest of the world that is watching and loves elephants, or at least the idea of elephants.

鈥淓ven in Thailand, there鈥檚 a huge disconnect between major urban centers like Bangkok and rural provinces,鈥� Nuckols explains. 鈥淭hese farmers are often villainized or portrayed as invaders. They鈥檝e been told they should just pack up and give elephants back their habitat, but that鈥檚 not feasible or tenable or just for those people who are being told to leave. It鈥檚 very grim, but we鈥檝e had people die in our community from negative encounters with elephants, victims who鈥檝e been attacked in the night while they were guarding their crops.鈥�

Bailey notes that while the world may be watching and feeling invested in the plight of elephants, 鈥渢here鈥檚 an inherent framing of environmental justice that we more equally share the costs and benefits of the environment. We as people globally benefit from elephants existing鈥攚e get a warm feeling when we think about them鈥攂ut we have to remind people that there are costs. We have to think about how to more equitably share the costs and benefits. Anyone who loves elephants and might call themselves an elephant person should know and should be clear that elephant conservation simply will not work if we don鈥檛 think about those humans and elevate the human components.鈥�

A complicating factor in some climate change discourse is the argument that humans caused it and animals are blameless in it, so animals should be prioritized in human decision making. 鈥淭he important nuance is that the rural farmers in Thailand didn鈥檛 do this,鈥� Bailey says.

鈥淚t鈥檚 the wealthy individuals all over the world who are, per capita, emitting many more tons of carbon. There鈥檚 an inherent inequity in who is causing the environmental problems, and often the people and communities experiencing the realities of environmental change aren鈥檛 key drivers of this change.鈥�

In the community where Nuckols is studying, which is in the rain shadow of a mountain range, drought is a very serious concern. During the last dry season, the reservoir that supplies water to the community nearly dried up. Many farmers in the area grow pineapple for many reasons, one of which is that it鈥檚 considered a crop that can survive in high-heat and low-water conditions.

鈥淚n the past few years, though, temperatures in the field can soar to 43, 44 (Celsius) and so even now pineapple is struggling to survive,鈥� Nuckols says. 鈥淭hose conditions are also driving elephants more and more to the edge of the national park, where a lot of the habitat restoration has been funded by large corporate subsidiaries that don鈥檛 have time to trek into the forest and dig a water hole.

鈥淪o, you get a concentration of elephants on the edge of the forest, and as climate change gets worse, as resources get more sparse in the forest, elephants are going to go for high energy, high reward crops like pineapple. In a short hour they can devour an entire patch of pineapple that gives them the nutrients and sugar they would spend days foraging for in the dry forest. It鈥檚 basic risk versus reward.鈥�

Just listen

In researching the complex factors influencing human-elephant conflict and coexistence, Nuckols emphasizes that a foundational principle of the work is that it鈥檚 community-driven and community-led.

鈥淲e鈥檙e involved in study and data collection, but we do everything in a framework of participatory action research,鈥� Nuckols explains. 鈥淲e pilot everything we do with focus groups in the local community, we run everything by a group of trusted stakeholders like the village chief and elders working with our organization. We ask them, 鈥業s this appropriate?鈥� and a lot of things were thrown out the window because they鈥檙e like, 鈥楴o way.鈥�

鈥淭he whole group that鈥檚 growing and testing alternative crops now, which is 16 people, are community members who created a collective and are working together. We as researchers act as a bridge to help support the trial, to help find funding. We use our skills to elevate the work that this community is already doing.鈥�

Bailey adds that the lessons learned in researching human-elephant coexistence鈥攖hough the details can vary broadly between cultures, countries and regions鈥攎ay inform human-wildlife coexistence in other areas, including Colorado.

鈥淭here are tons of parallels and tons of lessons to be learned that we can apply more broadly,鈥� Nuckols says. 鈥淥ne of the biggest is just to listen to community members and help empower those community members. Don鈥檛 ever go in assuming you know best. Spend time in the community and pilot your work before you go in and think anything is going to work within a community. Make sure community members feel heard, have a meaningful seat at the table and feel empowered to solve these problems.鈥�

Top image:听Asian elephants living in Thailand's Kui Buri National Park (Photo: Tyler Nuckols)

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